ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
ریشه های ضدیت با علم
با وجود پیشرفت روزافزون بشر در شاخههای مختلف علم، به ظاهر بسیاری همچنان از پذیرش گزارههای علمی سرباز میزنند. گرچه شاید بتوان علت بخشی از این مقاومت در برابر گزارهها و دیدگاهها را به ناآشنایی مبانی و پیشفرضهای علمی که به تولید این گزارههای انجامیدند نسب داد، اما به نظر میرسد که علل ژرفتر در این پدیده دخیل باشند. در چارچوب این مقاله تلاش میشود تا تصویری کلی از ریشههای ضدیت با علم و گزارههای علمی ترسیم شود. تصویری که شاید به کار علمورزان و مروجان علم بیاید.
https://www.ijbio.ir/article_1968_9dd138c67a5b15dff08fba63e4b19d2c.pdf
2021-02-19
1
6
علم
ضدیت
ریشه
عطا الله
کالیراد
akalirad@ipm.ir
1
تهران، مرکز تحقیقات فیزیک نظری
LEAD_AUTHOR
1. Diamond, Jared. Upheaval: How Nations Cope with Crisis and Change. s.l. : Little, Brown and Company, 2019.
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9. Bewitchment, Biology, or Both: The Co‐Existence of Natural and Supernatural Explanatory Frameworks Across Development. Legare, Cristine H. and Gelman, Susan A. 32, 2010, Cognitive Science, pp. 607-642.
9
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
نمایی از رابطه زیست شناسی و ریاضی: از سده هفدهم تا بیست و یکم
در این مقاله به طور مختصر به نقش ریاضی در مطالعات زیست شناسی میپردازیم. به طور معمول مفاهیمی مانند شمارش، اندازه گیری، و محاسبات آماری در زیست شناسی به کرات مورد استفاده قرار میگیرند. ولی این همه کاری نیست که ریاضی برای زیست شناسی انجام میدهد و یا میتواند انجام دهد. پرسش اصلی در این بحث، نقش تفکر ریاضی در مطالعات زیست شناسی است. اساس چنین تفکری مشخص کننده جزییات فنی وارد شده از ریاضی به زیست شناسی است. در این خصوص به سه دوره مهم در زمینه تعامل ریاضی با زیست شناسی پرداخته میشود. دوره نخست سدههای هفدهم تا نوزدهم است. در این دوره ابهامات زیادی در خصوص رابطه ریاضیدانان با زیست شناسی وجود دارد. بررسیهای این مقاله، با نشان دادن این که این دوره غنی از ریاضیدانانی است با سودای زیست شناسی/پزشکی و یا موثر بر زیست شناسی/پزشکی، اندکی از این ابهامات میکاهد. دوره دوم سده بیستم است، که رسما از سال هزارو دویست و نودونه هجری خورشیدی با ظهور عنوان ریاضیات زیستی (Biomathematics) آغاز میشود. این دوره سرشار از تلاشهای بسیار در زمینه ریاضیات زیستی با تحولاتی شگرف است. دستاوردهای ریاضی محور این دوره در حوزه زیست شناسی/پزشکی با هیچ روش صرفا زیست شناسانه مرسوم قابل دریافت نبوده است. تحول گرایی در روزهای پایانی این دوره به اوج میرسد و مفهوم ریاضیات زیستی به مفهوم زیست شناسی ریاضی وار (Mathematical Biology) تطور مییابد. دوره سوم از سالهای ابتدایی سده بیست و یکم آغاز میشود و در مسیر تطور به ابهامی جدید میانجامد. آیا ریاضیدانان کسانی خواهند بود که اهداف زیست شناسی را تحقق میبخشند. آیا زیستشناسی به روش مرسوم، که همچنان تداوم دارد، منسوخ خواهد شد. امیدها و بیم ها در خصوص مهارتهای ریاضی زیست شناسان و مهارتهای زیست شناسی ریاضیدانان چه خواهد شد. سر رشته کار در دست که خواهد بود، ریاضیدنان و یا زیست شناسان؟ این مقاله برآن است که آغاز دوره سوم در سده بیست و یکم را بررسی کند و برای آن پیشنهاداتی ارائه کند. تحولات نشان میدهند که نسل جدیدی از زیست شناسان ریاضیدان جایگزین ریاضیدانان علاقه مند به زیست شناسی خواهند شد. این افراد که، هسته اصلی فعالیت شان از زیست شناسی آغاز میشود، به وسیله ریاضیدانان آموزش خواهند دید. حدود نه برابر محتوای زیست شناسی مرسوم، در آثار آنها محتوای ریاضی وجود خواهد داشت. در آینده ای نزدیک تشخیص اینکه این افراد زیست شناس هستند و یا ریاضیدان در یک نگاه بسیار دشوار خواهد بود همانگونه که در سده نوزدهم و بیستم تشخیص ریاضیدان از فیزیکدان امری آسان نبوده است. پس از این دوره، باید منتظر دورانی باشیم که در آن ریاضیاتی مختص زیست شناسی ابداع شود که حاصل آن فناوریهای زیستی اعجاب انگیزی خواهد بود که از حد تصور زیست-ریاضیدانان بجا مانده از دوره دوم خارج است. مقیاسهای زمانی دوره سوم و دوران پس از آن، بسیار وابسته به نظام آموزش ریاضی برای زیست شناسان جوان است.
https://www.ijbio.ir/article_1969_45c933b50df58cfcff1a6a8a6755507b.pdf
2021-02-19
7
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ریاضیات زیستی
سایبرنتیک
دکارت
اویلر
گالیله
نیوتن
غلامرضا
رکنی لموکی
rokni@ut.ac.ir
1
تهران، دانشگاه تهران، پردیس علوم، دانشکده ریاضی، آمار و علوم کامپیوتر
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ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
سیاستگذاریها در برابر کووید-19: واکنشهای اولیه و چشماندازها
جهان در چنگ بحرانی است که در تاریخ معاصر بیسابقه بوده است. بیماری همهگیر کووید-19 یک فوریت با مقیاس جهانی و از نظر تاثیرات بسیار سنگین است. در سایهی دیدگاه Harold D. Lasswell در علوم سیاستگذاری برای ارائه بینش کافی در رمزگشایی پدیدهها، این گزارش با مرور منابع علوم سیاستگذاری در پی درک پویایی پدیده کووید-19 به کمک درسهای علوم سیاستگذاری است. ما راههایی را بررسی میکنیم که در آن تخصص علمی و فنی، احساسات و روایتها بر تصمیمات سیاستگذارانه تأثیر میگذارند و روابط بین شهروندان، سازمانها و دولتها را شکل میدهند. ما در مورد فرآیندهای گوناگون سازگاری و تغییر، از جمله یادگیری، جریانهای مخالف سیاسی، تغییر در شبکهها (محلی و جهانی)، اجرای سیاستهای فرامرزی و ارزیابی موفقیت و شکست سیاستها بحث میکنیم. در نهایت درباره جنبههای کم مطالعه شده سیاستگذاریها که شایسته توجه در پیامدهای بعدی همهگیری هستند، نتیجهگیری میکنیم.
https://www.ijbio.ir/article_1970_e30e001753d914e3ec1246ab4cd681f2.pdf
2021-02-19
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کروناویروس
بیماری همهگیر
علوم سیاستگذاری
خط مشیهای عمومی
فرایندهای سیاستگذاری
بحران
ربابه
لطیف
latif@fgusem.ac.ir
1
سمنان، دانشگاه خواهران سمنان (فرزانگان)
LEAD_AUTHOR
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1
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Karimi, N., & Batrawy A. (2020, March 18, 2020). Iran’s president rejects criticism of coronavirus response.
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ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
آیا کروناویروس بومی (endemic) می شود؟
یکی از نگرانی های امروزه همه گیری کرونا ویروس، بومی شدن آن است. شاید علت این نگرانی، بومی شدن تعدادی از عفونت های کروناویروس های دیگر باشد. کروناویروسهای OC43، 229E، NL63 از جمله این ویروسها هستند که می توانند عامل عفونت های ملایم تا سخت دستگاه تنفسی شبیه سرماخودگیهای معمولی باشند. بومی شدن یک بیماری ویروسی به امکان عفونت دوباره مبتلایان، رقابت ویروسها و فصلی بودن، یعنی الگوهای انتقال بومی، بستگی دارد. پس از یک سال همه گیری ویروس جدید کرونا هنوزشاید امکان نتیجه گیری کامل از بومی شدن ویروس وجود ندارد. علاوه بر اینکه کروناویروسها با داشتن ژنگان (genume) بزرگتر RNA و امکان بیشتر برای رانش ژنی (genetic drift) وضعیت مساعدی برای تغییرات جدید دارند، وضعیت درمان ضدویروسی و واکسیناسیون موثر برعلیه بیماری در بومی شدن کووید-19 نقش خواهد داشت.
https://www.ijbio.ir/article_1971_8a820062dffdb7475a72a15147fadb1c.pdf
2021-02-19
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کووید-19
کروناویروس
سارس کووی-2
بیماری عفونی
عفونت تکراری
بومی
دنیاگیری
علی
فرازمند
afarazmand@ut.ac.ir
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دانشگاه تهران
LEAD_AUTHOR
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ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
کووید-19: چالشی جدید برای نسل بشر
در دسامبر 2019، درست یک ماه قبل از سال نوی چینی، چندین مورد بیماری سینهپهلو در ووهان، استان هوبی، چین مشاهده شد که عامل ایجاد کننده آن ناشناخته بود. بعدا، یک کروناویروس جدید در نمونهای از مایع لاواژ برونکوآلوئولار از بازار غذای دریایی ووهان با استفاده از تکنولوژی توالییابی شناسایی شد. در 11 فوریه 2020، این ویروس توسط کمیته بینالمللی تاکسونومی ویروسها به اسم کروناویروس2 سندرم حاد تنفسی نامگذاری شد. تعداد بیسابقه موارد ابتلاء به کووید-19 نه تنها در چین بلکه در بسیاری از کشورها زنگ خطر را برای بهداشت عمومی به منظور مقابله با بیماریهای نوظهور به صدا درآورده است. برای پیروزی در نبرد با کووید-19 و سایر بیماریهای عفونی، باید به سرعت یک استراتژی جامع، شامل پایش، تشخیص، درمان بالینی، پژوهش و ساخت واکسنها و داروها بکار گرفته شود.
https://www.ijbio.ir/article_1972_e962d6535fa0310a733486a62a37eb17.pdf
2021-02-19
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ووهان
کروناویروس جدید
کروناویروس2 سندرم حاد تنفسی
درمان بالینی
ساخت واکسن و دارو
اتابک
روحی امینجان
a.roohiaminjan@basu.ac.ir
1
همدان، دانشگاه بوعلی سینا، دانشکده علوم پایه، گروه زیستشناسی
LEAD_AUTHOR
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ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
استفاده از علوم اجتماعی و رفتاری برای پشتیبانی از پاسخ به همه گیری کووید-19
همه گیری کووید-19 یک بحران گسترده بهداشت جهانی ایجاد کرده است. این بحران نیاز به تغییر رفتار در مقیاس وسیع دارد و بارهای روانی قابل توجهی را بر افراد وارد می کند، بنابراین می توان با استفاده از دیدگاه های علوم اجتماعی و رفتاری، رفتار افراد را با توصیه متخصصان اپیدمیولوژی و بهداشت عمومی همسو کرد. در اینجا ما شواهدی از برخی تحقیقات مرتبط با بیماریهای همه گیر، شامل کار در زمینه تهدیدها ، تأثیرات اجتماعی و فرهنگی در رفتار ، ارتباطات علمی ، تصمیم گیری اخلاقی، رهبری، استرس و مقابله مورد بحث و بررسی قرار می دهیم. در هر بخش، ماهیت و کیفیت تحقیقات قبلی به همراه عدم اطمینان ها و مسائل حل نشده ذکر می شود. ما نظریات مختلف برای پاسخ به همه گیری کرونا را شناسایی کرده و مهمترین خلاء های موجود در تحقیقات را که باید خیلی سریع در طی هفته ها و ماه های آینده برطرف شود مشخص می کنیم.
https://www.ijbio.ir/article_1973_5ff1155e08dd82e81e6e3210de5b64b8.pdf
2021-02-19
49
61
کووید-19
علوم اجتماعی و رفتاری
همه گیری
کلثوم
اینانلو
inanloo@ut.ac.ir
1
دانشگاه تهران
LEAD_AUTHOR
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ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
آسیب نابرابر
در طی تاریخ جوامع انسانی تحت تاثیر بیماریهای همهگیر و دنیاگیر مختلف قرار گرفتهاند. کارهای دقیق باستانشناسی و تاریخی نشان داده است که نابرابریهای اجتماعی و اقتصادی الگوی شیوع بیماریهای همهگیر را شکل داده است. زیست باستانشناسی و سایر علوم اجتماعی بارها نشان دادهاند که این نوع بحرانها از الگوی گسلهای اجتماعی از قبل موجود در جامعه پیروی میکنند. افراد در معرض بیشترین خطر، اغلب کسانی بودهاند که از قبل مجبور به حاشیهنشینی شدهاند – به سلامتی فقیران و اقلیتهایی که با تبعیض روبرو بودهاند آسیب رسیده است یا دسترسی آنها به مراقبتهای پزشکی، حتی در دورههای پیش از شیوع بیماری محدود شده است. بیماریهای همهگیر، به نوبه خود، با تضعیف یا تقویت ساختارهای قدرت، بر نابرابری اجتماعی تأثیر گذاشتهاند. این واقعیت در دوران دنیاگیری کووید-19 بطور کامل نمایان است. اگرچه این بیماری برخی از ثروتمندان و قدرتمندان جهان را مبتلا کرده است، اما این بیماری در جمعیتهای مختلف باعث مرگومیر یکسان نمیشود. میزان مرگومیر در مناطق فقیرتر و پرتراکم بیشتر است به این دلیل که آنها قبلاً از شرایط وخیم بهداشتی، فقر و سوء تغذیه آسیب دیدهاند.
https://www.ijbio.ir/article_1974_8b214290ce063da2aea122646f4d9943.pdf
2021-02-19
62
69
نابرابر
حاشیه نشین
شیوع
آسیب
اتابک
روحی امینجان
a.roohiaminjan@basu.ac.ir
1
همدان، دانشگاه بوعلی سینا، دانشکده علوم پایه، گروه زیستشناسی
LEAD_AUTHOR
An unequal blow. Wade, L. Science, 368 (6492) 700-703. 2020.
1
An unequal blow. Wade, L. Science, 368 (6492) 700-703. 2020.
2
An unequal blow. Wade, L. Science, 368 (6492) 700-703. 2020.
3
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
ایمنی جمعی: شناخت کووید-19
در جمعیتی که به قدر کفایت ایمن شده است، ایمنی جمعی (یا گلهای) از راه به حداقل رساندن احتمال تماس موثر بین افراد مستعد و یک فرد آلوده منجر به حفاظت غیرمستقیم افراد مستعد می شود. در ساده ترین شکل ممکن، اثر ایمنی جمعی زمانی آغاز می شود که جمعیت به آستانه ایمنی جمعی رسیده باشد، به عبارتی نسبت افرادی که به پاتوژن ایمن هستند از 1-1/R0 عبور کند. در این مرحله، سرایت مداوم رخ نخواهد داد، بنابراین شیوع کمتر خواهد شد. با این حال در جمعیت جهان واقعی، شرایط پیچیده تر است. فاکتور های اپیدمیولوژیک و ایمونولوژیک مانند ساختار جمعیتی، تنوع در قدرت سرایت بین جمعیت ها و افول ایمنی حاصل شده، منجر به تفاوت هائی در حفاظت غیرمستقیم ایمنی جمعی خواهد شد. در نتیجه به هنگام بحث در رابطه با ایجاد ایمنی جمعی تمامی این موارد باید لحاظ شود. دو راهکار برای ایجاد ایمنی گسترده علیه سارس کو-2 وجود دارد: 1- یک واکسیناسیون گسترده که نیاز مند تولید یک واکسن موثر و ایمن است، 2-مصون شدن طبیعی جوامع جهانی در برابر ویروس در طول زمان. عواقب راهکار دوم جدی است و دور از دسترس، زیرا بخش بزرگی از جمعیت انسانی باید به ویروس آلوده شوند و میلیون ها نفر در این میان تسلیم ویروس خواهند شد و جان خود را از دست خواهند داد. بنابراین در غیاب یک برنامه واکسیناسیون، ایجاد ایمنی جمعی نباید هدف اصلی باشد. در عوض، تاکید باید بر سیاست هائی باشد که از قشر آسیب پذیر محافظت کند به این امید که ایمنی جمعی نهایتا در کنار چنین اقداماتی رخ دهد اگر چه خود هدف اصلی نیست.
https://www.ijbio.ir/article_1975_2900a91c354e073903b2b20b5d054b84.pdf
2021-02-19
70
77
کووید-19
ایمنی جمعی
آستانه ایمنی جمعی
سعیده
جعفری نژاد
sajaf1166@yahoo.com
1
کرمان، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی کرمان، مرکز تحقیقات فیزیولوژی
LEAD_AUTHOR
1- Anderson RM, May RMJN. Vaccination and herd immunity to infectious diseases. 1985;318(6044):323-9.
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2- Delamater PL, Street EJ, Leslie TF, Yang YT, Jacobsen KHJEid. Complexity of the basic reproduction number (R0). 2019;25(1):1.
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7- Wu JT, Leung K, Bushman M, Kishore N, Niehus R, de Salazar PM, et al. Estimating clinical severity of COVID-19 from the transmission dynamics in Wuhan, China. 2020;26(4):506-10.
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16
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
واکسن و بهداشت جهانی: معرفی یک مدل پایدار در توسعه و نحوه انتقال واکسن ها
بیشتر واکسنها به دلیل سوددهی کم و یا عدم سودهی در کشورهای تحت توسعه و کمترتوسعهیافته تولید نمی شوند. معرفی یک مدل جدید پایدار برای سرمایهگذاری در توسعه واکسن برعلیه بیماریهایی مانند سل، ایدز، مالاریا، ابولا و همچنین بیماری ناشی از پاتوژنهای مقاوم به چند دارو، به همکاری نزدیک بین بخشهای دولتی و خصوصی نیاز دارد.
https://www.ijbio.ir/article_1977_0c3ecdb3b5a82506418b7978a5f88961.pdf
2021-02-19
78
89
واکسن
بهداشت جهانی
طرح ایمنی زایی
شکیبا
درویش علیپور آستانه
darvishalipour@semnan.ac.ir
1
سمنان، دانشگاه سمنان، پردیس علوم و فناوری نوین، دانشکده بیوتکنولوژی
LEAD_AUTHOR
1- Keja K, Chan C, Hayden G, Henderson RH. Expanded programme on immunization. World health statistics quarterly Rapport trimestriel de statistiques sanitaires mondiales. 1988;41(2):59-63.
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2- Nossal GJ. The Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization—a millennial challenge. nature immunology. 2000;1(1):5-8.
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4- Fauci AS, Morens DM. The perpetual challenge of infectious diseases. New England Journal of Medicine. 2012;366(5):454-61.
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5- Kaslow DC, Black S, Bloom DE, Datla M, Salisbury D, Rappuoli R. Vaccine candidates for poor nations are going to waste. Nature Publishing Group; 2018.
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6- Baker SJ, Payne DJ, Rappuoli R, De Gregorio E. Technologies to address antimicrobial resistance. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2018;115(51):12887-95.
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7- Branswell H. Who will answer the call in the next outbreak? Drug makers feel burned by string of vaccine pleas. Stat. 2018.
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8- Light DW, Andrus JK, Warburton RN. Estimated research and development costs of rotavirus vaccines. Vaccine. 2009;27(47):6627-33.
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9- Gouglas D, Le TT, Henderson K, Kaloudis A, Danielsen T, Hammersland NC, et al. Estimating the cost of vaccine development against epidemic infectious diseases: a cost minimisation study. The Lancet Global Health. 2018;6(12):e1386-e96.
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10- Roser M, Ritchie H, Ortiz-Ospina E. World population growth. Our World in Data. 2013.
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11- Costantino P, Viti S, Podda A, Velmonte MA, Nencioni L, Rappuoli R. Development and phase 1 clinical testing of a conjugate vaccine against Meningococcus A and C. Vaccine. 1992;10(10):691-8.
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12- Lieberman JM, Chiu SS, Wong VK, Partridge S, Chang S-J, Chiu C-Y, et al. Safety and immunogenicity of a serogroups a/c Neisseria meningitidis oligosaccharide—protein conjugate vaccine in young children: A randomized controlled trial. Jama. 1996;275(19):1499-503.
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13- Dobson F. Perils of launching a new vaccination campaign. Bmj. 2014;348:g2449.
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14- Campbell H, Borrow R, Salisbury D, Miller E. Meningococcal C conjugate vaccine: the experience in England and Wales. Vaccine. 2009;27:B20-B9.
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17- LaForce FM, Konde K, Viviani S, Préziosi M-P. The meningitis vaccine project. Vaccine. 2007;25:A97-A100.
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18- Idoko OT, Diallo A, Sow SO, Hodgson A, Akinsola A, Diarra B, et al. Community perspectives associated with the African PsA-TT (MenAfriVac) vaccine trials. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2015;61(suppl_5):S416-S21.
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25- Henao-Restrepo AM, Camacho A, Longini IM, Watson CH, Edmunds WJ, Egger M, et al. Efficacy and effectiveness of an rVSV-vectored vaccine in preventing Ebola virus disease: final results from the Guinea ring vaccination, open-label, cluster-randomised trial (Ebola Ça Suffit!). The Lancet. 2017;389(10068):505-18.
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26- Anywaine Z, Whitworth H, Kaleebu P, Praygod G, Shukarev G, Manno D, et al. Randomized clinical trial examining safety and immunogenicity of heterologous prime-boost Ebola vaccines, Ad26. ZEBOV and MVA-BN-Filo: 12-month data from Uganda and Tanzania. J Infect Dis. 2019.
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28- Van Der Meeren O, Hatherill M, Nduba V, Wilkinson RJ, Muyoyeta M, Van Brakel E, et al. Phase 2b controlled trial of M72/AS01E vaccine to prevent tuberculosis. New England Journal of Medicine. 2018;379(17):1621-34.
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29- Lauer KB, Borrow R, Blanchard TJ. Multivalent and multipathogen viral vector vaccines. Clin Vaccine Immunol. 2017;24(1):e00298-16.
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30- Micoli F, Rondini S, Alfini R, Lanzilao L, Necchi F, Negrea A, et al. Comparative immunogenicity and efficacy of equivalent outer membrane vesicle and glycoconjugate vaccines against nontyphoidal Salmonella. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2018;115(41):10428-33.
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32- Dormitzer PR, Suphaphiphat P, Gibson DG, Wentworth DE, Stockwell TB, Algire MA, et al. Synthetic generation of influenza vaccine viruses for rapid response to pandemics. Science translational medicine. 2013;5(185):185ra68-ra68.
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33
34- Iavarone C, O’hagan DT, Yu D, Delahaye NF, Ulmer JB. Mechanism of action of mRNA-based vaccines. Expert review of vaccines. 2017;16(9):871-81.
34
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
کاربردهای بالقوه زیست فناوری گیاهی در مقابل SARS-CoV-2
سندروم تنفسی حاد کروناویروس2 (SARS-CoV-2)(Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2) از یک کروناویروس جدید ناشی میشود و اکنون باعث ایجاد یک دنیاگیری (pandemic) انسانیِ درحال پیشرفت (کووید-19) شده است. درحالحاضر، تلاشهای بینالمللی زیادی برای توسعه عوامل یا معرفهای تشخیصی و نیز کشف واکسن و داروهای ضدویروسی بهمنظور کاهش سرعت شیوع بیماری و نجات جان انسانها درحال انجام هستند. بخشی از این تلاشهای بینالمللی، شامل محققانی میشود که روی گیاهان کار میکنند. آنها درواقع دانشمندان و شرکتهای تجاری و سرمایهگذاری را از سراسر جهان گرد هم آوردهاند تا سریعا به منبعی از پروتئینهای آنتیژنی و آنتیبادیها برای ساخت کیتهای تشخیصی و نیز سیستمهای تولیدیِ مقیاسپذیر برای ساخت با فوریت واکسنها و داروهای ضدویروسی، دست پیدا کنند. ما در اینجا بعضی از روشهایی را مرور میکنیم که گیاهان میتوانند در آنها برای مبارزه با کووید-19 بهکار گرفته شده یا میشوند.
https://www.ijbio.ir/article_1978_f87aeaf5d0ad46579453c5a3c954bf23.pdf
2021-02-19
89
98
گیاهی
کووید-19
زیست فناوری
سندروم تنفسی حاد کروناویروس2
علیرضا
ایرانبخش
iranbakhshar@yahoo.com
1
هیات علمی دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد گرمسار
LEAD_AUTHOR
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59. Vamvaka, E. et al. (2016) Cyanovirin-N produced in rice endosperm offers effective pre-exposure prophylaxis against HIV-1BaL infection in vitro. Plant Cell Rep. 35, 1309–1319
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60. Sexton, A. et al. (2009) Design, expression, and characterization of a multivalent, combination HIV microbicide. FASEB J. 23, 3590–3600
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61. Ma, J.K.-C. et al. (2005) Molecular farming for new drugs and vaccines. Current perspectives on the production of pharmaceuticals in transgenic plants. EMBO Rep. 6, 593–599
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62. Paul, M.J. et al. (2013) Target product selection - where can Molecular Pharming make the difference? Curr. Pharm. Des. 19, 5478–5485
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63. Sparrow, P.A. et al. (2007) Pharma-Planta: road testing the developing regulatory guidelines for plant-made pharmaceuticals. Transgenic Res. 16, 147–161
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ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
ابولا، زیکا، کرونا ... ویروس بعدی چیست؟
در قرن گذشته، بیماریهای دنیاگیر مختلفی وجود داشته است. در چارچوب بهداشت جهانی، این بیماریهای دنیاگیر اغلب از دریچه عوامل تعیین کنندهای مانند جمعیت، فقر و آلودگی بررسی شدهاند. در دنیای در حال تغییر و با ظهور بیماری دنیاگیر کووید-19، عوامل موثر بر بهداشت عمومی باید بسط داده شوند. در این مقاله، عوامل مهم موثر بر بهداشت عمومی جهانی برای جلوگیری از شیوع بیماریهای دنیاگیر در آینده، بررسی و بازتعریف میشوند. سیاستگذاران و رهبران جهانی باید عوامل موثر بحث شده در این مقاله را در نظر داشته باشند و در برنامهریزیها، اجرا و ارزیابی تلاشها برای بهبود بهداشت عمومی جهانی و جلوگیری از بیماریهای دنیاگیر به کار گیرند.
https://www.ijbio.ir/article_1979_a1da25ff9c8a4d87bf5e23f0fa58154e.pdf
2021-02-19
99
105
کروناویروس
بیماریهای دنیاگیر
بهداشت جهانی
کووید-19
بهداشت عمومی
فقر
جمعیت
آلودگی
جهانی شدن
اتابک
روحی امینجان
a.roohiaminjan@basu.ac.ir
1
همدان، دانشگاه بوعلی سینا، دانشکده علوم پایه، گروه زیستشناسی
LEAD_AUTHOR
1. Kahn, J.S.; McIntosh, K. History and recent advances in coronavirus discovery. Pediatr. nfect. Dis. J. 2005, 24, S223–S227.
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2. Weyer, J.; Grobbelaar, A.; Blumberg, L. Ebola virus disease: History, epidemiology and outbreaks. Curr. Infect. Dis. Rep. 2015, 17, 21.
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3. Weaver, S.C.; Costa, F.; Garcia-Blanco, M.A.; Ko, A.I.; Ribeiro, G.S.; Saade, G.; Shi, P.Y.; Vasilakis, N. Zika virus: History, emergence, biology, and prospects for control. Antivir. Res. 2016, 130, 69–80.
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4. Ye, Z.W.; Yuan, S.; Yuen, K.S.; Fung, S.Y.; Chan, C.P.; Jin, D.Y. Zoonotic origins of human coronaviruses. Int. J. Biol. Sci. 2020, 16, 1686.
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5. Pincock, S. Warren Winkelstein Jr. Lancet 2012, 380, 882. Available online: https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(12)61495-0/fulltext (accessed on 2 May 2020).
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6. Winkelstein, W., Jr. Determinants of worldwide health. Am. J. Public Health 1992, 82, 931–932.
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7. Khubchandani, J.; Simmons, R. Going global: Building a foundation for global health promotion research to practice. Health Promot. Pract. 2012, 13, 293–297.
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8. Ubokudom, S.E.; Khubchandani, J. The ecology of health policymaking and reform in the USA. World Med. Health Policy 2010, 2, 331–361.
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9. United Nations. Sustainable Development Goals. Available online: https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/sustainable-development-goals/ (accessed on 2 May 2020).
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10. Waage, J.; Yap, C.; Bell, S.; Levy, C.; Mace, G.; Pegram, T.; Unterhalter, E.; Dasandi, N.; Hudson, D.; Kock, R.; et. al. Governing the UN Sustainable Development Goals: Interactions, infrastructures, and institutions. Lancet Glob. Health 2015, 3, e251–e252.
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11. Merson, M.H.; Black, R.E.; Mills, A.J. Global Health: Diseases, Programs, Systems, and Policies, 4th ed.; Jones and Bartlett: Sudbury, MA, USA, 2018.
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12. McMichael, A.J. Globalization, climate change, and human health. N. Engl. J. Med. 2013, 368, 1335–1343.
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13. Abel, G.J.; Barakat, B.; Samir, K.C.; Lutz, W. Meeting the Sustainable Development Goals leads to lower world population growth. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2016, 113, 14294–14299.
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14. Phelan, A.L.; Katz, R.; Gostin, L.O. The novel coronavirus originating in Wuhan, China: Challenges for global health governance. JAMA 2020, 323, 709–710.
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15. Barua, S. Understanding Coronanomics: The Economic Implications of the Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic (No. 99693); University Library of Munich: Munich, Germany, 2020;
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16. Fouilleux, E.; Bricas, N.; Alpha, A. ‘Feeding 9 billion people’: Global food security debates and the productionist trap. J. Eur. Public Policy 2017, 24, 1658–1677.
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17. Sharma, P.; Dwivedi, S.; Singh, D. Global poverty, hunger, and malnutrition: A situational analysis. In Biofortification of Food Crops; Springer, New Delhi, India, 2016; pp. 19–30.
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18. Heymann, D.L.; Chen, L.; Takemi, K.; Fidler, D.P.; Tappero, J.W.; Thomas, M.J.; Kenyon, T.A.; Frieden, T.R.; MBChB, D.Y.; Nishtar, S.; et. al. Global health security: The wider lessons from the west African Ebola virus disease epidemic. Lancet 2015, 385, 1884–1901.
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19. Landrigan, P.J.; Fuller, R.; Acosta, N.J.; Adeyi, O.; Arnold, R.; Baldé, A.B.; Bertollini, R.; Bose-O’Reilly, S.; Boufford, J.I.; Breysse, P.N.; et. al. The Lancet Commission on pollution and health. Lancet 2018, 391, 462–512.
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20. Madhav, N.; Oppenheim, B.; Gallivan, M.; Mulembakani, P.; Rubin, E.; Wolfe, N. Pandemics: Risks, impacts, and mitigation. In Disease Control Priorities: Improving Health and Reducing Poverty, 3rd ed.; The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank: Washington, D.C., USA, 2017.
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22. Xie, B.; He, D.; Mercer, T.; Wang, Y.; Wu, D.; Fleischmann, K.R.; Zhang, Y.; Yoder, L.H.; Stephens, K.K.; Mackert, M.; et. al. Global health crises are also information crises: A call to action. J. Assoc. Inf. Sci. Technol. 2020, doi:10.1002/asi.24357.
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Garrett, L.; et. al. Will Ebola change the game? Ten essential reforms before the next pandemic. The report of the Harvard-LSHTM Independent Panel on the Global Response to Ebola. Lancet 2015, 386, 2204–2221.
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30
30. National Academy of Medicine. The Neglected Dimension of Global Security: A Framework to Counter Infectious Disease Crises; The National Academies Press: Washington, DC, USA, 2016.
31
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
راهنمایی در مورد استفاده از ماسک در شرایط COVID-19
این سند روزآمد شدۀ راهنمایی است که روز 6 آوریل 2020 منتشر شده است و شامل شواهد علمی روزآمد شده مربوط به استفاده از ماسک برای جلوگیری از انتقال ویروس کرونا ویروس 2019 (COVID-19) و همچنین ملاحظات عملی است. تفاوت اصلی با نسخه قبلی شامل موارد زیر است:
https://www.ijbio.ir/article_1980_7c1fc72899416cffbd67abf02f59d031.pdf
2021-02-19
106
123
ماسک
COVID19
بهاره
عطاران
attaranb@yahoo.com
1
دانشگاه الزهرا
LEAD_AUTHOR
Advice on the use of masks in the context of COVID-19: interim guidance, 5 June 2020 from WHO/2019-nCov/IPC_Masks/2020.4
1
Advice on the use of masks in the context of COVID-19: interim guidance, 5 June 2020 from WHO/2019-nCov/IPC_Masks/2020.4
2
Advice on the use of masks in the context of COVID-19: interim guidance, 5 June 2020 from WHO/2019-nCov/IPC_Masks/2020.4
3
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
COVID-19: همراهی در گذر از دوران ابهام
شیوع کووید-19 که توسط عامل بیماریزای ویروسی تازه شناخته شده SARS-CoV-2 به وجود آمده، اثر مخربی بر جامعه علمی دارد. ماه هاست که چین در حال مبارزه با این ویروس است و این مبارزه چندین ماهه نشان دهنده آسیب هایی است که تحقیقات جهانی تجربه خواهند کرد.
https://www.ijbio.ir/article_1982_584890616b3e786c7da8af96d510e5b5.pdf
2021-02-19
124
126
COVID
19
سمیه
عرب زاده
s.arabzadeh@aletaha.ac.ir
1
گروه زیست شناسی، دانشکده علوم پایه، موسسه آموزش عالی غیرانتفاعی آل طه، تهران، ایران
LEAD_AUTHOR
COVID-19: Navigating Uncertainties Together, The Cell Editorial Team, Cell, April 16, 2020
1
COVID-19: Navigating Uncertainties Together, The Cell Editorial Team, Cell, April 16, 2020
2
COVID-19: Navigating Uncertainties Together, The Cell Editorial Team, Cell, April 16, 2020
3
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
کدام مداخلات در همه گیری بهتر عمل می کند؟
در حال حاضر، تنها روشهای موجود برای کاهش انتقال کرونا ویروس2 (SARS-CoV-2) ، ویروس سندرم تنفسی حاد، رویکردهای رفتاری هستند: شستن دستها، رعایت آداب سرفه و عطسه و مهمتر از همه فاصلهگیری فیزیکی. سیاستگذاران از ابزارهای مختلفی برای فعال کردن این "مداخلات غیردارویی" (NPIs)(Nonpharmaceutical Interventions)، از تشویق و توصیههای ساده گرفته تا وضع مقررات و تحریمهای کامل استفاده می کنند.
https://www.ijbio.ir/article_1983_bf8591a926681aac1b95f82b0836a650.pdf
2021-02-19
126
131
مداخلات
همه گیری
سهامه
محبی
s.mohebbi@aletaha.ac.ir
1
تهران، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، دانشکده علوم زیستی، گروه نانوبیوتکنولوژی
LEAD_AUTHOR
1. N. Ferguson et al., “Report 9: Impact of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) to reduce COVID19 mortality and healthcare demand,” Working paper, Imperial College COVID-19 Response Team, London, UK, 16 March 2020.
1
2. T. Rawson et al., medRxiv 20084517 [Preprint] 2 May 2020; https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.29.20084517
2
3. L. Kennedy-Shaffer, M. Lipsitch, medRXiv 20087429 [Preprint] 6 May 2020; https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.0 5.01.20087429
3
4. A. M. Henao-Restrepo et al., Lancet 389, 505 (2017). doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)32621-6 Medline
4
5. F. Di Lauroy, I. Z. Kissy, J. C. Miller, “The timing of oneshot interventions for epidemic control,” Working paper, La Trobe University, Melboourne, Australia.
5
6. C. J. Metcalf et al., Lancet 388, 728 (2016). doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30164-7 Medline
6
7. R. M. Anderson, R. M. May, Infectious Diseases of Humans: Dynamics and Control (Oxford Univ. Press, 1992).
7
8. J. Benjamin-Chung et al., Int. J. Epidemiol. 47, 332 (2018); doi:10.1093/ije/dyx201 Medline
8
9. M. E. Halloran, C. J. Struchiner, Epidemiology 2, 331 (1991); doi:10.1097/00001648-199109000-00004 Medline
9
10. E. Miguel, M. Kremer, Econometrica 72, 159 (2004). doi:10.1111/j.1468-0262.2004.00481.x
10
11. D. Egger et al., “General equilibrium effects of unconditional cash transfers: Experimental evidence from Kenya,” Working paper26600, NBER, Cambridge, MA, 21 November 2019.
11
12. H. Fang, L. Wang, Y. Yang, “Human mobility restrictions and the spread of the novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in China,” Working paper 26906, National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER), Cambridge, MA, March 2020.
12
13. S. Flaxman et al., “Estimating the number of infections and the impact of non-pharmaceutical interventions on COVID-19 in 11 European countries, Working paper, Imperial College COVID-19 Response Team, London, UK, 30 March 2020.
13
14. H. Tian et al., Science 368, 638 (2020); doi:10.1126/ science.abb6105 Medline
14
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
مهار پاندمی با آنتی بادیها، قبل از تولید واکسنها
هنگامی که جهان به یک مسابقه پرمخاطره برای تولید واکسن کووید-19 تغییر شکل داده است، یک رقابتی به همان اندازه مهم برای تولید آنتی بادیهای هدفمند که میتوانند تقویت سیستم ایمنی فوری را در برابر ویروس ایجاد کنند، در حال ظهور است. کارآزمایی های بالینی آنتی بادیهای مونوکلونال، که ممکن است هم در پیشگیری و هم در درمان بیماری نقش داشته باشند، در حال حاضر در جریان هستند و میتوانند شاید زودتر از آزمایشات بالینی واکسنها، نشانههای اثربخشی را در چند ماه آینده نشان دهند. دکتر Anthony Fauci ، رئیس انستیتوی ملی آلرژی و بیماریهای عفونی (NIAID) میگوید" اگر قرار بود با پولتون شرط بندی کنید، باید شرط میبستید که قبل از جواب گرفتن از واکسن با آنتی بادی مونوکلونال جواب میگیرید"
https://www.ijbio.ir/article_1984_93723a59b7511717f2258b5554039160.pdf
2021-02-19
132
134
پاندمی
سمیه
عرب زاده
s.arabzadeh@aletaha.ac.ir
1
گروه زیست شناسی، دانشکده علوم پایه، موسسه آموزش عالی غیرانتفاعی آل طه، تهران، ایران
LEAD_AUTHOR
Antibodies may curb pandemic before vaccines, Jon Cohen, SCIENCE, AUGUST 2020.
1
Antibodies may curb pandemic before vaccines, Jon Cohen, SCIENCE, AUGUST 2020.
2
Antibodies may curb pandemic before vaccines, Jon Cohen, SCIENCE, AUGUST 2020.
3
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
چشم انداز درمانها و واکسن کووید-19
مدت زمان کوتاهی پس از ظهور ویروس کرونای جدید و مشاهدهی سندروم شدیدی (SARS-CoV-2 or COVID-19) که ایجاد میکند، گروههای بسیاری در سراسر جهان به دنبال درمان و همچنین تهیهی واکسن برای آن برآمدند. یکی از تلاشهایی که برای درمان آن صورت پذیرفت؛ تجویز عوامل ضدویروسی وسیعالطیف موجود است. جهت آمادهسازی واکسن علیه ویروس کرونا نیز، واکسنهای بر پایهی اسیدهای نوکلئیک بیشتر مورد توجه قرار گرفتهاند.
https://www.ijbio.ir/article_1985_54834107052c26f3cc749394832c33b4.pdf
2021-02-19
134
137
درمان
کووید-19
واکسن
سمانه
مسلط پور
smosalatpour@gmail.com
1
تهران، دانشگاه پیام نور، دانشکده علوم.
AUTHOR
رضا
حاجیحسینی
hosseini@pnu.ac.ir
2
تهران، دانشگاه پیام نور، دانشکده علوم.
AUTHOR
مهدی
شمس آرا
shamsa@nigeb.ac.ir
3
پژوهشگاه ملی مهندسی ژنتیک و زیست فناوری
AUTHOR
سعید
امین زاده
aminzade@nigeb.ac.ir
4
پژوهشگاه ملی مهندسی ژنتیک و زیست فناوری
LEAD_AUTHOR
1- Wadman, M., et al., A rampage through the body. Science, 2020. 368(6489): p. 356-360.
1
2- Zhou, P., et al., A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin. Nature, 2020. 579(7798): p. 270-273.
2
3- Harrison, C., Coronavirus puts drug repurposing on the fast track. Nat Biotechnol, 2020. 38(4): p. 379-381.
3
4- Beigel, J.H., et al., Remdesivir for the Treatment of Covid-19 — Preliminary Report. New England Journal of Medicine, 2020.
4
5- University of Oxford. 2020; Available from: https://go.nature.com/2O3HeqY.
5
6- Mullard, A., COVID-19 vaccine development pipeline gears up. Lancet (London, England), 2020. 395(10239): p. 1751-1752.
6
7- van Riel, D. and E. de Wit, Next-generation vaccine platforms for COVID-19. Nature Materials, 2020.19(8) : p. 810-812.
7
8- Moderna. 2020; Available from: https://go.nature.com/3faEy6Z.
8
9- University of oxford. 2020 [cited 2020; Available from: https://go.nature.com/3e7XUYV.
9
10- COVID-19 therapies and vaccine landscape. Nature Materials, 2020. 19(8): p 809.
10
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
مسابقه برای واکسنهای ویروس کرونا
ویروس کرونا توسط یکی از پروتئینهای سطحی خود به گیرندههای سطح سلولهای انسانی متصل میشود و پس از ورود به سلولهای میزبان و همانندسازی RNA آن در داخل سلول میزبان؛ موجب برانگیختن پاسخهای ایمنی میشود. به طور خلاصه، یک واکسن که ممکن است ویروس ضعیف یا کشته شده باشد؛ سیستم ایمنی را جهت مبارزه با بیماریزای مهاجم آماده میکند. تاکنون تکنولوژیهای مختلفی جهت تولید واکسنهایی علیه SARS-CoV-2 در سراسر توسعه یافته است. از جملهی این واکسنها شامل: واکسنهای اسیدنوکلئیکی، واکسنهای بر پایهی ناقل ویروسی و واکسنهای پروتئینی هستند.
https://www.ijbio.ir/article_1989_ff6f068274bffb76dfdead55341eaaf4.pdf
2021-02-19
138
143
کروناویروس
واکسن
مسابقه
سمانه
مسلط پور
smosalatpour@gmail.com
1
تهران، دانشگاه پیام نور، دانشکده علوم.
AUTHOR
رضا
حاجی حسینی
reza_hajihosseini@yahoo.com
2
ریاست دانشگاه واستاد بیوشیمی
AUTHOR
مهدی
شمس ارا
shamsa@nigeb.ac.ir
3
عضو هیات علمی، پژوهشگاه ملی مهندسی زنتیک و زیست فناوری
AUTHOR
سعید
امین زاده
aminzade@nigeb.ac.ir
4
پژوهشگاه ملی مهندسی ژنتیک و زیست فناوری
LEAD_AUTHOR
Callaway, E., The race for coronavirus vaccines: a graphical guide. Nature, 2020. 580(7805): p. 576-577.
1
Callaway, E., The race for coronavirus vaccines: a graphical guide. Nature, 2020. 580(7805): p. 576-577.
2
Callaway, E., The race for coronavirus vaccines: a graphical guide. Nature, 2020. 580(7805): p. 576-577.
3
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
شناسایی و جلوگیری از رخدادهای اَبَرانتشار (Superspreading Events) پیامدهای آن برای کنترل سندرم تنفسی حاد شدید کرونا ویروس 2
به نظر اجتنابناپذیر میرسد که سندرم تنفسی حاد شدید کرونا ویروس 2 همچنان به گسترش خود ادامه دهد. اگرچه ما هنوز اطلاعات محدودی در مورد اپیدمیولوژی این ویروس در اختیارداریم، گزارشهای متعددی از رخدادهای با سرعت بالای انتشار (شخصی که به یک باکتری، ویروس یا میکروارگانیسم دیگر آلودهشده و آن را به تعداد غیرمعمول زیادی به افراد دیگر منتقل کند. "یک انتشاردهنده میتواند یک عفونت آزمایشگاهی را به یک بیماری همهگیر تبدیل کند.") گزارششده است که هم در اوایل شیوع و هم در مراحل بعدی با انتقال پایدار همراه بوده است. اگرچه به نظر میرسد پیشبینی رخدادهای با سرعت بالای انتشار دشوار و بنابراین جلوگیری از آن دشوار است؛ اقدامات اصلی بهداشت عمومی میتواند از تعداد و تأثیر رخدادهای اَبَرانتشار جلوگیری کند و آن را کاهش دهد. برای جلوگیری و کنترل رخدادهای اَبَرانتشار، سرعت عمل ضروری است .پیشگیری و کاهش رخدادهای اَبَرانتشار، قبل از هر چیز بستگی به شناخت و درک سریع این وقایع، به ویژه در محیطهای مراقبت بهداشتی دارد. درک بهتر پویایی انتقال مرتبط با رخدادهای اَبَرانتشار، شناسایی و کاهش موقعیتهای پرخطر، پایبندی دقیق به اقدامات پیشگیری و کنترل عفونت در مراقبتهای بهداشتی و اجرای بهموقع مداخلات غیر دارویی (nonpharmaceutical interventions) میتواند به پیشگیری و کنترل شیوع سندرم حاد تنفسی شدید کرونا ویروس 2 و همچنین سایر بیماری عفونی در آینده کمک کند.
https://www.ijbio.ir/article_1990_02f85cef1054011ff0ed23cb709284bc.pdf
2021-02-19
142
149
کنترل
سرعت بالای انتشار
کرونا ویروس
حورا
بحرالعلوم
hbahrulolum@gmail.com
1
تهران، پژوهشگاه ملی مهندسی ژنتیک و زیست فناوری، پژوهشکده زیست فناوری صنعت و محیط زیست، گروه مهندسی زیست فرایند
AUTHOR
ساقی
نورایی
saghinoo1373@gmail.com
2
تهران، پژوهشگاه ملی مهندسی ژنتیک و زیست فناوری، پژوهشکده زیست فناوری صنعت و محیط زیست، گروه مهندسی زیست فرایند
AUTHOR
سعید
امین زاده
aminzade@nigeb.ac.ir
3
پژوهشگاه ملی مهندسی ژنتیک و زیست فناوری
LEAD_AUTHOR
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ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
کووید-19 : معمای همه گیری آفریقا: چرا تعداد مرگ و میرها کم است؟
اگرچه آفریقا هفته گذشته میلیونومین مورد رسمی ابتلا به COVID-19 خود را گزارش کرد، به نظر میرسد که با کمتر از یک مورد تایید شده برای هر هزار نفر و فقط 23000 مرگ تاکنون، همه گیری را نسبتاً به خوبی پشت سر گذاشته است. با این حال بررسی چندین آنتیبادی نشان میدهد آفریقاییهای بیشتری آلوده به ویروس کرونا آلوده شده اند-تضادی که دانشمندان را در همه قارهها متحیر ساخته!
https://www.ijbio.ir/article_1991_cc232083a48daabcd0826a194648c04f.pdf
2021-02-19
151
152
معما
کووید-19
آفریقا
سهامه
محبی
s.mohebbi@aletaha.ac.ir
1
تهران، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، دانشکده علوم زیستی، گروه نانوبیوتکنولوژی
LEAD_AUTHOR
کووید-19، معمای همه گیری آفریقا: چرا تعداد مرگ و میرها کم است؟ بررسی آنتی بادی ها داستانی متفاوت نسبت به تلفات رسمی را بیان می کند
1
کووید-19، معمای همه گیری آفریقا: چرا تعداد مرگ و میرها کم است؟ بررسی آنتی بادی ها داستانی متفاوت نسبت به تلفات رسمی را بیان می کند
2
کووید-19، معمای همه گیری آفریقا: چرا تعداد مرگ و میرها کم است؟ بررسی آنتی بادی ها داستانی متفاوت نسبت به تلفات رسمی را بیان می کند
3
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
زنده ماندن از آسیب روحی COVID-19
Roxane Cohen Silver استاد علوم روانشناسی، بهداشت عمومی و پزشکی در دانشگاه کالیفرنیا (ایالاتمتحده) و رئیس فدراسیون انجمنهای علوم رفتاری و مغز اظهار میدارد: من به عنوان یک دانشمند روانشناسی که چگونگی واکنش افراد و جوامع به آسیبهای جمعی را بررسی میکند، انعطافپذیری انسان را در شرایط مختلف - از زلزله و طوفان گرفته تا خشونت گسترده و جنگ- مطالعه میکنم. اندکی پس از حملات تروریستی 11 سپتامبر 2001 علیه ایالاتمتحده، من در دفتر امنیت داخلی کاخ سفید حضور داشتم و در مورد مقاومت جامعه صحبت کردم. اگرچه تهدید برای جامعه واقعی و مداوم به نظر میرسید، رهبران ملی مشتاق بودند مردم را به هواپیما و ساختمانهای بلند اداری برگردانند. با نگاهی به گذشته، ملت کاملاً مقاومت نشان دادند: تهدید تروریسم هرگز از بین نرفت، اما صنایع و مراکز شهری به رشد خود ادامه دادند. چند دهه بعد، ایالاتمتحده و جهان با تهدید دیگری روبرو میشوند؛ به همان اندازه غیر شفاف و بسیار کشنده. طی ماهها، سندرم تنفسی حاد شدید کرونا ویروس 2(SARS-CoV-2)، ویروسی که باعث بیماری ویروسی کرونا میشود (COVID-19)، در زمان نگارش این یادداشت بیش از 10 میلیون نفر را آلوده، بیش از 125000 آمریکایی را کشته و منجر به مرگ بیش از 500000 نفر در سراسر جهان شده است. تا دستیابی به واکسن COVID-19 احتمالاً یک سال دیگر باقیمانده است. علم روانشناسی دربارهی نحوهی پاسخگویی افراد در حال حاضر و در آینده در طول فراز و نشیب این همهگیری، به ما چه میگوید؟"شرایط طبیعی " پس از بروز بیماری چگونه خواهد بود؟ آیا جامعه ما مقاومت نشان میدهد؟
https://www.ijbio.ir/article_1992_cc0035884497a908086a8fdd22a3d300.pdf
2021-02-19
152
154
آسیب روحی
زنده ماندن
کووید-19
حورا
بحرالعلوم
hbahrulolum@gmail.com
1
تهران، پژوهشگاه ملی مهندسی ژنتیک و زیست فناوری، پژوهشکده زیست فناوری صنعت و محیط زیست، گروه مهندسی زیست فرایند
AUTHOR
ساقی
نورایی
saghinoo1373@gmail.com
2
تهران، پژوهشگاه ملی مهندسی ژنتیک و زیست فناوری، پژوهشکده زیست فناوری صنعت و محیط زیست، گروه مهندسی زیست فرایند
AUTHOR
سعید
امین زاده
aminzade@nigeb.ac.ir
3
پژوهشگاه ملی مهندسی ژنتیک و زیست فناوری
LEAD_AUTHOR
Surviving the trauma of COVID-19, Science, 3 JULY 2020 ,VOL 369 ISSUE 6499
1
Surviving the trauma of COVID-19, Science, 3 JULY 2020 ,VOL 369 ISSUE 6499
2
Surviving the trauma of COVID-19, Science, 3 JULY 2020 ,VOL 369 ISSUE 6499
3
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
پس از بیماری کروناویروس-19 (کووید-19)
همه گیریها بخشی طبیعی از زندگی،و از نظر وقوع قابل پیش بینی، هستند. بازگشت پیاپی ویروس نقص ایمنی اکتسابی (ایدز)[1] ، سندروم تنفسی سختِ حاد (SARS)[2]، انفلونزای H1N1، سندروم تنفسی خاور میانه (MERS)[3] و اینک بیماری کروناویروس 2019 (کووید-19)[4] بخوبی رژه چاره ناپذیر بیماریهای مشترک انسان- حیوان را از دهه 1980 به این سو را به نمایش گذارده است. هرچند عدهای ممکن است همه گیری اخیر را به عنوان "قوی سیاه"، یعنی رخدادی تماماً پیشبینیناپذیر با پیامدهای تهدیدکننده بنامند (1) تنها امور غیرقطعی همه گیریها آن است که کی رخ می دهند و یا شدت شان چقدر است. آلبر کامو در رمان تمثیلی خود طاعون گفته است که علیرغم بازگشت همه گیریها " کنار آمدن با آنها را که [ناگهان] چون آوار از آسمان آبی بر سرمان فرو میریزند را سخت میبینیم" (2). اما بیش از این دیگر نباید از بروز همهگیریها شگفت زده شویم.[1] Acquired Immunodeficiency Disease[2] Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome[3] Middle East Respiratory Syndrome[4] Coronavirus Disease 2019
https://www.ijbio.ir/article_1993_eeb9d5ee796afc5d58d56ce102f04ff1.pdf
2021-02-19
154
156
کروناویروس
کووید-19
بیماری
علی
فرازمند
afarazmand@ut.ac.ir
1
دانشگاه تهران
LEAD_AUTHOR
1. Taleb NN. The black swan: the impact of the highly improbable. New York: Random House, 2010.
1
2. Camus A. The plague. Translation first published 1948 by Fred A. New York: Vintage International,1991.
2
3. Wenzel RP. What have we learned from H1N1’s first year. OpEd. New York Times. April 12, 2010.
3
4. Wenzel RP. How should we think about a pandemic. HuffPost. November 7, 2011. Available at: www.huffpost.com/entry/how-should-we-thinkabout- a pandemic. Accessed 1 April 2020.
4
5. Donabedian A. Evaluating the quality of medical care. Milbank Q 2005; 83:691–729. Reprinted from Milbank Q 1966; 44:166–203.
5
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
بازگشت به طاعونِ آلبرکامو با کووید-19
بیش از 70 سال پیش آلبرکامو رمان طاعون (1) را منتشر کرد، روایت شهر حاکم نشین فرانسوی اُران در ساحل الجزایر که دستخوش همهگیری طاعون خیارکی شده است. آسیب پذیریی که در دنیاگیری امروزه سندروم تنفسی بسیار حاد کروناویروس-2 شاهد آن هستیم را کامو به شکلی شیوا و فصیح در داستان طاعون ویرانگر شهر الجزایری توصیف کرده است. به شکلی مشابه دنیاگیری جدید، بیماری کروناویروس 2019 [1](کووید-19)[2]- سومین مورد از کروناویروسهای با بیماریزایی شدید در جمعیتهای انسانی در سده 21- خسارات غیرقابل اندازهگیری زیادی در تمام ابعاد زندگی انسانی پدید آورده و اقتصاد جهانی را به زیرکشیده است. تا زمان نگارش این مقاله (16 اوریل 2020) با 1991562 مورد ابتلا و 130885 مورد مرگ در 185 کشور گزارش شده است (2). در میانه دنیاگیری، تعهد، یکدلی و روح انسانی تک تک کادر بهداشت و درمان تنها منبع الهام و افتخار بوده است.[1] Coronavirus disease 2019[2] COVID-19
https://www.ijbio.ir/article_1994_859d4bce09a46cdad8a8e279d07d03e5.pdf
2021-02-19
156
157
طاعون
آلبرکامو
کووید-19
علی
فرازمند
afarazmand@ut.ac.ir
1
دانشگاه تهران
LEAD_AUTHOR
Camus A. The plague. 1st international ed. New York City, NY: Vintage International. 1981.
1
World Health Organization. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) situation report –87. Available at: https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/ Coronaviruses/situation-reports/20200416-sitrep-87-covid-19.pdf? sfvrsn=9523115a_2. Accessed 17 April 2020.
2
Camus A. The plague. 1st international ed. New York City, NY: Vintage International. 1981.
3